Organometallic compound and organic light-emitting device including same

ABSTRACT

An organometallic compound is represented by Formula 1. An organic light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode; and an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer. The organic light-emitting device further includes at least one organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2019-0079689, filed on Jul. 2, 2019, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

One or more embodiments of the present disclosure relate to an organometallic compound and an organic light-emitting device including the same.

2. Description of Related Art

Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) are self-emission devices that, as compared with other devices in the art, have wide viewing angles, high contrast ratios, short response times, and excellent characteristics in terms of brightness, driving voltage, and response speed, and produce full-color images.

OLEDs may include a first electrode on a substrate, and a hole transport region, an emission layer, an electron transport region, and a second electrode sequentially stacked on the first electrode. Holes provided from the first electrode may move toward the emission layer through the hole transport region, and electrons provided from the second electrode may move toward the emission layer through the electron transport region. Carriers, such as holes and electrons, recombine in the emission layer to produce excitons. These excitons transit (e.g., transition or relax) from an excited state to a ground state to thereby generate light.

SUMMARY

One or more embodiments of the present disclosure include a novel organometallic compound and an organic light-emitting device including the same.

Additional aspects of embodiments will be set forth in part in the description which follows and, in part, will be apparent from the description, or may be learned by practice of the presented embodiments of the disclosure.

According to an aspect of an embodiment, an organometallic compound is represented by Formula 1:

-   -   wherein, in Formula 1,     -   M may be selected from platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper         (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir),         ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr),         hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), and thulium (Tm),     -   Y₁ to Y₄ may each independently be N, C, or Si,     -   T₁ to T₄ may each independently be a chemical bond, O, S, B(R′),         N(R′), P(R′), C(R′)(R″), Si(R′)(R″), Ge(R′)(R″), C(═O),         B(R′)(R″), N(R′)(R″), or P(R′)(R″); and when T₁ is a chemical         bond, Y₁ may directly bind to M, when T₂ is a chemical bond, Y₂         may directly bind to M, when T₃ is a chemical bond, Y₃ may         directly bind to M, and when T₄ is a chemical bond, Y₄ may         directly bind to M,     -   two bonds selected from a bond between M and Y₁ or T₁, a bond         between M and Y₂ or T₂, a bond between M and Y₃ or T₃, and a         bond between M and Y₄ or T₄ may each be a coordinate bond, and         the other two bonds may each be an ionic bond,     -   A₁ to A₃ may each independently be selected from a C₅-C₆₀         carbocyclic group and a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,     -   X₁ to X₃ may each independently be B, N, P, As, C(R₄), Si(R₄),         or Ge(R₄),     -   L₁ to L₃ may each independently be selected from a single bond,         a double bond, *—N(R₅)—*′, *—B(R₅)—*′, *—P(R₅)—*′,         *—C(R₅)(R₆)—*′, *—Si(R₅)(R₆)—*′, *—Ge(R₅)(R₆)—*′, *—S—*, *—Se*′,         *—O—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)₂—*′, *—C(R₅)═*′,         *═C(R₅)—*′, *—C(R₅)═C(R₆)—*′, *—C(═S)*′, and *—C≡C—*′,     -   a1 to a3 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to         3; and when a1 is 0, A may not be bound to A₂, when a2 is 0, A₂         may not be bound to A₃, and when a3 is 0, A₃ may not be bound to         6-membered ring including X₂, X₃, and Y₄,     -   R′, R″, and R₁ to R₆ may each independently be selected from         hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano         group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a         hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl         group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted         or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted         C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀         arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl         group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ hetero aryloxy         group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ hetero arylthio         group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic         condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted         monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,         —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁),         —S(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), and —P(═S)(Q₁)(Q₂),     -   b1 to b3 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to         20,     -   two groups selected from i) R₁(s) in the number of b1, ii) R₂(s)         in the number of b2, and iii) R₃(s) in the number of b3, R₄, R₅,         and R₆ may optionally be bound to form a substituted or         unsubstituted C₅-C₃₀ carbocyclic group or a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀ heterocyclic group,     -   wherein Q₁ to Q₃ may each independently be selected from         hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano         group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a         hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a         C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl         group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl         group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a         C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀         heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀         heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed         polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed         heteropolycyclic group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group,     -   * and *′ each indicate a binding site to an adjacent atom, and     -   at least one substituent of the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group,         the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀         alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the         substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl         group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the         substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy         group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted         C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy         group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, the         substituted C₅-C₃₀ carbocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₃₀         heterocyclic group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic         condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selected         from:     -   deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a         nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono         group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀         alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group;     -   a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl         group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least         one selected from deuterium, —F, —C₁, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,         a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino         group, a hydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy         group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a         monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,         —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),         —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂);     -   a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a         C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a         C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio         group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic         condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic         condensed heteropolycyclic group;     -   a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a         C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a         C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio         group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic         condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic         condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least         one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,         a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino         group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₃₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl         group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀         aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a         C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed         polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed         heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂),         —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂);         and     -   —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),         —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),     -   wherein Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each         independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl,         —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an         amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀         alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a         C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀         heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic         group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic         group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group substituted with at least one         selected from deuterium, —F, and a cyano group; a C₆-C₆₀ aryl         group substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F,         and a cyano group; a biphenyl group; and a terphenyl group.

According to another aspect of an embodiment, an organic light-emitting device may include a first electrode; a second electrode; and an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer and

the organic light-emitting device comprises at least one organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects and features of certain embodiments of the disclosure will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an organic light-emitting device;

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an organic light-emitting device;

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an organic light-emitting device; and

FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an embodiment of an organic light-emitting device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in more detail to embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements throughout. In this regard, the present embodiments may have different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the descriptions set forth herein. Accordingly, the embodiments are merely described herein below, by referring to the figures, to explain aspects of embodiments of the present description. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. Expressions such as “at least one of,” when preceding a list of elements, modify the entire list of elements and do not modify the individual elements of the list.

An organometallic compound may be represented by Formula 1:

The organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may have an energy level (E_(3MC)) of a triplet metal centered state (³MC state) that is higher than an energy level (E_(3MLCT)) of a triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer state (³MLCT state) of the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.

In some embodiments, the organometallic compound may satisfy E₃≥12 kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol), where E₃ may be defined by Equation 1: E ₃ =∥E _(3MLCT) |−|E _(3MC)∥  Equation 1

When the organometallic compound has E₃ within the foregoing range, the probability of an exciton transitioning from a ³MLCT state (a luminescent state) to a ³MC state (a non-luminescent state) of the organometallic compound may decrease, and thus, stability of the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 in an excited state may be excellent. Accordingly, an organic light-emitting device including the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may have improved efficiency and lifespan as a result of the improved excited state stability of the organometallic compound due to the decreased probability of the transition from the ³MLCT state to the ³MC state.

In Formula 1, M may be selected from platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), and thulium (Tm).

In some embodiments, M may be selected from Pt, Pd, Cu, Ag, Au, Rh, Ir, Ru, and Os.

In some embodiments, M may be Pt, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In Formula 1, Y₁ to Y₄ may each independently be N, C, or Si,

T₁ to T₄ may each independently be a chemical bond, O, S, B(R′), N(R′), P(R′), C(R′)(R″), Si(R′)(R″), Ge(R′)(R″), C(═O), B(R′)(R″), N(R′)(R″), or P(R′)(R″); and when T₁ is a chemical bond, Y₁ may directly bind to M, when T₂ is a chemical bond, Y₂ may directly bind to M, when T₃ is a chemical bond, Y₃ may directly bind to M, and when T₄ is a chemical bond, Y₄ may directly bind to M, and

two bonds selected from a bond between M and Y₁ or T₁, a bond between M and Y₂ or T₂, a bond between M and Y₃ or T₃, and a bond between M and Y₄ or T₄ may each be a coordinate bond (which may also be referred to as a coordinate covalent bond or a dative bond), and the other two bonds may each be an ionic bond.

In some embodiments, in Formula 1, T₁ to T₄ may each be a chemical bond, at least one of a bond between Y₁ and M and a bond between Y₂ and M may be a coordinate bond, Y₁ may be N, and Y₂ may be C. As used herein, the term “chemical bond” may refer to any suitable chemical bond such as, for example, a covalent bond, a coordinate covalent bond (e.g., a coordinate bond or a dative bond), or an ionic bond.

In some embodiments, in Formula 1, T₁ to T₄ may each be a chemical bond, Y₃ and Y₄ may each be C, and a bond between Y₄ and M may be an ionic bond.

In some embodiments, in Formula 1, Y₁ may be N, and Y₂ to Y₄ may each be C, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In Formula 1, A₁ to A₃ may each independently be selected from a C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group and a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group.

X₁ to X₃ may each independently be B, N, P, As, C(R₄), Si(R₄), or Ge(R₄),

L₁ to L₃ may each independently be selected from a single bond, a double bond, *—N(R₅)—*′, *—B(R₅)—*′, *—P(R₅)—*′, *—C(R₅)(R₆)—*′, *—Si(R₅)(R₆)—*′, *—Ge(R₅)(R₆)—*′, *—S—*, *—Se*′, *—O—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)₂—*′, *—C(R₅)═*′, *═C(R₅)—*′, *—C(R₅)═C(R₆)—*′, *—C(═S)*′, and *—C≡C—*′, and

a1 to a3 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 3; and when a1 is 0, A may not be bound to A₂, when a2 is 0, A₂ may not be bound to A₃, and when a3 is 0, A₃ may not be bound to 6-membered ring including X₂, X₃, and Y₄.

In some embodiments, in Formula 1, A₁ to A₃ may each independently be selected from:

a benzene group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a cyclopentane group, a cyclopentadiene group, a furan group, a thiophene group, a pyrrole group, a silole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, an isoxadiazole group, an oxatriazole group, an isoxatriazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an isothiadiazole group, a thiatriazole group, an isothiatriazole group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a benzimidazole group, a triazole group, a 1,2,4-triazole group, a tetrazole group, an azasilole group, a diazasilole group, a triazasilole group, a cyclohexane group, and a cyclohexene group.

In some embodiments, A₁ may be selected from a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, and a triazine group, A₂ may be selected from an imidazole group and a benzimidazole group, or A₃ may be selected from a benzene group.

In some embodiments, A₁ may be selected from a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, and a triazine group, and A₂ may be selected from an imidazole group and a benzimidazole group. In some embodiments, A₁ may be selected from a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, and a triazine group, and A₃ may be selected from a benzene group. In some embodiments, A₂ may be selected from an imidazole group and a benzimidazole group, and A₃ may be selected from a benzene group. In some embodiments, A₁ may be selected from a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, and a triazine group, A₂ may be selected from an imidazole group and a benzimidazole group, and A₃ may be selected from a benzene group.

In some embodiments, in Formula 1, when a1 is 0 and A is not bound to A₂, A₁ may be a group represented by any one of Formulae 2A-1 to 2A-4:

-   -   wherein, in Formulae 2A-1 to 2A-4,     -   Y₂₁ may be N or C(R₂₁), Y₂₂ may be N or C(R₂₂), Y₂₃ may be N or         C(R₂₃), Y₂₄ may be N or C(R₂₄),     -   R₂₁ to R₂₄ may each independently be understood by referring to         the descriptions of R′, R″, and R₁ to R₆ provided herein, and     -   * indicates a binding site to T₁, and *′ indicates a binding         site to N in Formula 1.

In some embodiments, A₁ may be a group represented by Formula 2A-1, Y₂₁ may be C(R₂₁), Y₂₂ may be C(R₂₂), Y₂₃ may be C(R₂₃), Y₂₄ may be C(R₂₄), and R₂₄ may be hydrogen.

In some embodiments, A₁ may be a group represented by any one of Formulae 2A-2 to 2A-4, Y₂₁ may be C(R₂₁), Y₂₂ may be C(R₂₂), Y₂₃ may be C(R₂₃), and R₂₃ may be hydrogen.

In some embodiments, in Formula 1, when a1 is 0 and A is not bound to A₂, A₂ may be a group represented by any one of Formulae 2B-1 and 2B-2:

-   -   wherein, in Formulae 2B-1 to 2B-2,     -   Y₂₅ may be N or C(R₂₅), Y₂₆ may be N or C(R₂₆), Y₂₇ may be N or         C(R₂₇), Y₂₈ may be N or C(R₂₈), Y₂₉ may be N or C(R₂₉), Y₃₀ may         be N or C(R₃₀),     -   R₂₅ to R₃₀ may each independently be understood by referring to         the descriptions of R′, R″, and R₁ to R₆ provided herein, and     -   * indicates a binding site to T₂, and *′ indicates a binding         site to L₂.

In some embodiments, X₁ and X₃ may each be C(R₄), and X₂ may be N or C(R₄).

In some embodiments, a1 may be 0, a2 and a3 may each be 1, L₂ may be a single bond, and L₃ may be *—O—*′.

In Formula 1, R′, R″, and R₁ to R₆ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ hetero aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ hetero arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), and —P(═S)(Q₁)(Q₂),

b1 to b3 may each independently be an integer selected from 0 to 20,

two groups selected from i) R₁(s) in the number of b1, ii) R₂(s) in the number of b2, and iii) R₃(s) in the number of b3, R₄, R₅, and R₆ may optionally be bound to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₃₀ carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀ heterocyclic group,

wherein Q₁ to Q₃ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group, and

* and *′ each indicate a binding site to an adjacent atom.

In some embodiments, R′, R″, and R₁ to R₆ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group;

a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group;

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrrolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indazolyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, and a triazinyl group; and

a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrrolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indazolyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, and a triazinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indazolyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a triazinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂); and

—Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂),

wherein Q₁ to Q₃ and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from:

hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₂₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

In some embodiments, R₁ may be a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, or a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group or a phenyl group, each substituted with at least one C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and b1 may be 1; R₂ may be a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, or a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group or a phenyl group, each substituted with at least one C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and b2 may be 1; R₃ may be a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, or a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group or a phenyl group, each substituted with at least one C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and b3 may be 1; and R₄ may be a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, or a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group or a phenyl group, each substituted with at least one C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be represented by Formula 1-1:

-   -   wherein, in Formula 1-1,     -   M, A₁ to A₃, Y₁ to Y₃, L₂ to L₃, X₁ to X₃, R₁ to R₃, and b1 to         b3 may respectively be understood by referring to the         descriptions of M, A₁ to A₃, Y₁ to Y₃, L₂ to L₃, X₁ to X₃, R₁ to         R₃, and b1 to b3 herein above.

In some embodiments, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be selected from Compounds 1 to 53, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

The organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may employ an indazole ligand or a pyrazolo pyridine ligand as an ionic bond ligand coordinated with metal. For example, in the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, an indazole ligand or a pyrazolo pyridine ligand may be ionically bound to M of Formula 1.

In some embodiments, in the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, 2 nitrogen atoms are adjacent to each other in the 5-membered ring of a condensed ring ligand of a 5-membered ring and a 6-membered ring. Thus, although the present disclosure is not limited to any particular mechanism or theory, it is believed that due to a mechanism suppressing or reducing a non-radiative decay pathway of an excited state, lifespan of the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be improved. In addition, among the two nitrogen atoms, the nitrogen not bound to an adjacent ligand may form a hydrogen bond with hydrogen to improve structural stability, thereby significantly increasing ³MC state energy and decreasing the probability of an exciton transitioning from the ³MLCT state to the ³MC state.

In addition, in the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, an atom bound with the central metal (M) of the condensed ring ligand of the 5-membered ring and the 6-membered ring may each be a carbon atom that forms a coordinate bond with a central metal (M) of Formula 1. By having the atom bound with the central metal (M) of the condensed ring ligand of the 5-membered ring and the 6-membered ring coordinately bound with the central metal (M), the planarity of the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be increased to increase an electron density overlap of the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 with a host material, thereby improving the hole transport properties and the electron transport properties of the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.

As a result, when the organometallic compound is applied to (or utilized in) an organic light-emitting device, it is possible to prevent or reduce the transition of triplet excitons to the ³MC state, which is a non-luminescent state, due to ligand rupture. Accordingly, stability in an excited state, lifespan, and efficiency may be excellent in the organic light-emitting device including the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.

When the organometallic compound has E₃ within the foregoing range, a transition probability of an exciton from a ³MLCT state to a ³MC state (a non-luminescent state) of the organometallic compound may decrease, and thus, stability of the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 in an excited state may be excellent. Accordingly, an organic light-emitting device including the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may have improved efficiency and lifespan.

The organometallic compound may be configured to emit blue light. In some embodiments, the organometallic compound may be configured to emit blue light having a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 440 nanometers (nm) to about 490 nm (bottom emission CIE_(x,y) color-coordinate X=0.13, Y=0.05 to 0.18), but embodiments are not limited thereto. Accordingly, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be used effectively in manufacture of an organic light-emitting device that emits blue light.

Methods of synthesizing the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 should be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by referring to Examples described herein.

At least one organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be included between a pair of electrodes in an organic light-emitting device. In some embodiments, the organometallic compound may be included in an emission layer. In the emission layer, the organometallic compound may serve as a dopant. In some embodiments, the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1 may be used as a material for forming a capping layer, which is on outer sides of a pair of electrodes in an organic light-emitting device.

Accordingly, there is provided an organic light-emitting device including a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the organic layer may include an emission layer and at least one organometallic compound represented by Formula 1. In some embodiments, the organic layer may include at least one organometallic compound.

As used herein, the expression the “(organic layer) includes at least one organometallic compound” may be construed as meaning the “(organic layer) may include one organometallic compound of Formula 1 or two or more different organometallic compounds of Formula 1.”

For example, Compound 1 may only be included in the organic layer as an organometallic compound. In this embodiment, Compound 1 may be included in the emission layer of the organic light-emitting device. In some embodiments, Compounds 1 and 2 may be included in the organic layer as organometallic compounds. In this embodiment, Compounds 1 and 2 may be included in the same layer (for example, both Compounds 1 and 2 may be included in an emission layer) or in different layers (for example, Compound 1 may be included in an emission layer, and Compound 2 may be included in an electron transport region).

In some embodiments,

-   -   a first electrode of an organic light-emitting device may         include an anode,     -   a second electrode of an organic light-emitting device may         include a cathode,     -   the organic layer may include a hole transport region between         the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron         transport region between the emission layer and the second         electrode,     -   the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a         hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron         blocking layer, or a combination thereof, and     -   the electron transport region may include a hole blocking layer,         an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or a         combination thereof.

The term “organic layer,” as used herein, refers to a single layer and/or a plurality of layers between the first electrode and the second electrode in an organic light-emitting device. A material included in the “organic layer” is not limited to an organic material. For example, the “organic layer” may include an inorganic material.

In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1, the emission layer may further include a host, and a content of the host may be greater than that of the organometallic compound in the emission layer.

In some embodiments, the hole transport region may include an electron blocking layer, and the electron blocking layer may include the organometallic compound; or

the electron transport region may include a hole blocking layer, and the hole blocking layer may include the organometallic compound.

In an embodiment, the LUMO energy level of a p-dopant of the hole transport region may be about −3.5 eV or less.

Description of FIG. 1

FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of an organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment. The organic light-emitting device 10 may include a first electrode 110, an organic layer 150, and a second electrode 190.

Hereinafter, the structure of the organic light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment and a method of manufacturing an organic light-emitting device according to an embodiment will be described in connection with FIG. 1 .

First Electrode 110

In FIG. 1 , a substrate may be additionally under the first electrode 110 or above the second electrode 190. The substrate may include a glass substrate or a plastic substrate, each having excellent mechanical strength, thermal stability, transparency, surface smoothness, ease of handling, and water resistance.

The first electrode 110 may be formed by depositing or sputtering, onto the substrate, a material for forming the first electrode 110. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, the material for forming the first electrode 110 may be selected from materials having a high work function that facilitate hole injection.

The first electrode 110 may include a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may be selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), and any combinations thereof, but embodiments are not limited thereto. In some embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, as a material for forming the first electrode 110, at least one of magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), and any combination thereof may be used, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The first electrode 110 may have a single-layered structure, or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers. In some embodiments, the first electrode 110 may have a triple-layered structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/silver (Ag)/ITO, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

Organic Layer 150

The organic layer 150 may be on the first electrode 110. The organic layer 150 may include an emission layer.

The organic layer 150 may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode 190.

Hole Transport Region in Organic Layer 150

The hole transport region may have i) a single-layered structure including (or consisting of) a single layer including (or consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including (or consisting of) a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers including a plurality of different materials.

The hole transport region may include at least one selected from a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, and an electron blocking layer.

For example, the hole transport region may have a single-layered structure including a single layer including a plurality of different materials or a multi-layered structure, e.g., a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron blocking layer structure, wherein layers of each structure are sequentially stacked on the first electrode 110 in each stated order, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The hole transport region may include at least one selected from m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB (NPD), β-NPB, TPD, a spiro-TPD, a spiro-NPB, methylated-NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), (polyaniline)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), a compound represented by Formula 201, and a compound represented by Formula 202:

-   -   wherein, in Formulae 201 and 202,     -   L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₄ may each independently be selected from a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group,         a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed         polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,     -   L₂₀₅ may be selected from *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—N(Q₂₀₁)-*′, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group,         a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed         polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,     -   xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer selected from 0         to 3,     -   xa5 may be an integer selected from 1 to 10, and     -   R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independently be selected from a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic         group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

In some embodiments, in Formula 202, R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ may optionally be bound via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group, and R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may optionally be bound via a single bond, a dimethyl-methylene group, or a diphenyl-methylene group.

In an embodiment, in Formulae 201 and 202,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₅ may each independently be selected from

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, a naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, an indacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a rubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and a pyridinylene group; and

a phenylene group, a pentalenylene group, an indenylene group, a naphthylene group, an azulenylene group, a heptalenylene group, an indacenylene group, an acenaphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenalenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene group, a naphthacenylene group, a picenylene group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a rubicenylene group, a coronenylene group, an ovalenylene group, a thiophenylene group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and a pyridinylene group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, xa1 to xa4 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In one or more embodiments, xa5 may be 1, 2, 3, or 4.

In one or more embodiments, R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ and Q₂₀₁ may each independently be selected from a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group; and

a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), and —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),

wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may respectively be understood by referring to the descriptions of Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ provided herein.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 201, at least one of R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₃ may be selected from:

-   -   a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl         group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group;         and     -   a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl         group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,         each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F,         —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an         amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀         alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a         cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a         cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a         terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl         group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a naphthyl group, a         fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a carbazolyl group,         a dibenzofuranyl group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group,     -   but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 202, i) R₂₀₁ and R₂₀₂ may be bound via a single bond, and/or ii) R₂₀₃ and R₂₀₄ may be bound via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 202, at least one of R₂₀₁ to R₂₀₄ may be selected from:

-   -   a carbazolyl group; and     -   a carbazolyl group substituted with at least one selected from         deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a         nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono         group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a         cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a         cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a         biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted         with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a         naphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, and a         dibenzothiophenyl group,     -   but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A:

In some embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A(1), but embodiments are not limited thereto:

In some embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 201 may be represented by Formula 201A-1, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

In some embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 202 may be represented by Formula 202A:

In some embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 202 may be represented by Formula 202A-1:

In Formulae 201A, 201A(1), 201A-1, 202A, and 202A-1,

L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₃, xa1 to xa3, xa5, and R₂₀₂ to R₂₀₄ may respectively be understood by referring to the description of L₂₀₁ to L₂₀₃, xa1 to xa3, xa5, and R₂₀₂ to R₂₀₄ provided herein,

R₂₁₁ and R₂₁₂ may each be understood by referring to the description of R₂₀₃ provided herein, and

R₂₁₃ to R₂₁₇ may each independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a phenyl group substituted with a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a phenyl group substituted with —F, a pentalenyl group, an indenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, a heptalenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, an ovalenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl group.

The hole transport region may include at least one compound selected from Compounds HT1 to HT39, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

The thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 100 Angstroms (Å) to about 10,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes at least one selected from a hole injection layer and a hole transport layer, the thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, the thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å, for example, about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within any of these ranges, excellent hole transport characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The emission auxiliary layer may increase light emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to the wavelength of light emitted by an emission layer. The electron blocking layer may reduce or eliminate the flow of electrons from an electron transport region. The emission auxiliary layer and the electron blocking layer may include the aforementioned materials.

p-Dopant

The hole transport region may include a charge generating material as well as the aforementioned materials, to improve conductive properties (e.g., hole conductive properties) of the hole transport region. The charge generating material may be substantially homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in the hole transport region.

The charge generating material may include, for example, a p-dopant.

In some embodiments, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the p-dopant may be −3.5 eV or less.

The p-dopant may include at least one selected from a quinone derivative, a metal oxide, and a cyano group-containing compound, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, the p-dopant may include at least one selected from

-   -   a quinone derivative, such as tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) or         2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ);     -   a metal oxide, such as tungsten oxide or molybdenum oxide;     -   1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN); and     -   a compound represented by Formula 221,     -   but embodiments are not limited thereto:

-   -   wherein, in Formula 221,     -   R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may each independently be selected from a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic         group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, wherein at least         one selected from R₂₂₁ to R₂₂₃ may include at least one         substituent selected from a cyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a         C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —F, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group         substituted with —C₁, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —Br,         and a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group substituted with —I.         Emission Layer in Organic Layer 150

When the organic light-emitting device 10 is a full color organic light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, or a blue emission layer, according to a sub-pixel. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure. The stacked structure may include two or more layers selected from a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer. The two or more layers may be in direct contact (e.g., physical contact) with each other. In some embodiments, the two or more layers may be separated from each other. In one or more embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials. The two or more materials may include a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, or a blue light-emitting material. The two or more materials may be mixed with each other in a single layer. The two or more materials mixed with each other in the single layer may be configured to emit white light.

The emission layer may include a host and a dopant. The dopant may include at least one of a fluorescent dopant and a phosphorescent dopant. The phosphorescent dopant may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.

The amount of the dopant in the emission layer may be, in general, in a range of about 0.01 parts to about 15 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the host, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, and in some embodiments, about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within any of these ranges, improved luminescence characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Host in Emission Layer

The host may include a compound represented by Formula 301: [Ar₃₀₁]_(xb11)-[(L₃₀₁)_(xb1)-R₃₀₁]_(xb21)  Formula 301

wherein, in Formula 301,

Ar₃₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group and a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,

xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

L₃₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,

xb1 may be an integer selected from 0 to 5,

R₃₀₁ may be selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂)(Q₃₀₃), —N(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —B(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₀₁)(Q₃₀₂), and

xb21 may be an integer selected from 1 to 5,

wherein Q₃₀₁ to Q₃₀₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In an embodiment, in Formula 301, Ar₃₀₁ may be selected from:

-   -   a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group,         a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene         group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene         group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a         naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a         pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran         group, and a dibenzothiophene group; and     -   a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group,         a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene group, a phenalene         group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene         group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a         naphthacene group, a picene group, a perylene group, a         pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a dibenzofuran         group, and a dibenzothiophene group, each substituted with at         least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl         group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a         hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a         C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a         terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃),         —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and         —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),     -   wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a         C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a         biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group, but         embodiments are not limited thereto.

When xb11 in Formula 301 is 2 or greater, at least two Ar₃₀₁(s) may be bound via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 301 may be represented by Formula 301-1 or 301-2:

-   -   wherein, in Formulae 301-1 to 301-2,     -   A₃₀₁ to A₃₀₄ may each independently be selected from a benzene         group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, a fluoranthene         group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a         pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, an indene group, a fluorene         group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a         dibenzofluorene group, an indole group, a carbazole group, a         benzocarbazole group, a dibenzocarbazole group, a furan group, a         benzofuran group, a dibenzofuran group, a naphthofuran group, a         benzonaphthofuran group, a dinaphthofuran group, a thiophene         group, a benzothiophene group, a dibenzothiophene group, a         naphthothiophene group, a benzonapthothiophene group, and a         dinaphthothiophene group,     -   X₃₀₁ may be O, S, or N-[(L₃₀₄)_(xb4)-R₃₀₄],     -   R₃₁₁ to R₃₁₄ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,         deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a         nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono         group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl         group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group         —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),         —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),     -   xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2,     -   L₃₀₁, xb1, R₃₀₁, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may respectively be understood         by referring to the descriptions of L₃₀₁, xb1, R₃₀₁, and Q₃₁ to         Q₃₃ provided herein,     -   L₃₀₂ to L₃₀₄ may each be understood by referring to the         descriptions of L₃₀₁ provided herein,     -   xb2 to xb4 may each be understood by referring to the         descriptions of xb1 provided herein, and     -   R₃₀₂ to R₃₀₄ may each be understood by referring to the         descriptions of R₃₀₁ provided herein.

In some embodiments, in Formulae 301, 301-1, and 301-2, L₃₀₁ to L₃₀₄ may each independently be selected from:

-   -   a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a         spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a         dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an         anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a         triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene         group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a         hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene         group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene         group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a         benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a         dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, a         pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene         group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an         oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene         group, an oxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a         pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene         group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a         benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a         naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, a         quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a         phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a         phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a         benzimidazolylene group, a benzoisothiazolylene group, a         benzoxazolylene group, a benzoisoxazolylene group, a         triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an         imidazopyridinylene group, an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and         an azacarbazolylene group; and     -   a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a         spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a         dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an         anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a         triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene         group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a         hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene         group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene         group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a         benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a         dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, a         pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene         group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an         oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene         group, an oxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a         pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene         group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a         benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a         naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, a         quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a         phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a         phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a         benzimidazolylene group, a benzoisothiazolylene group, a         benzoxazolylene group, a benzoisoxazolylene group, a         triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an         imidazopyridinylene group, an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and         an azacarbazolylene group, each substituted with at least one         selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a         cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group,         a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group,         a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl         group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl         group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl         group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl         group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a         benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl         group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl         group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a         phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl         group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a         benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an         imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an         azacarbazolyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),         —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),     -   wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may respectively be understood by referring         to the descriptions of Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ provided herein.

In some embodiments, in Formulae 301, 301-1, and 301-2, R₃₀₁ to R₃₀₄ may each independently be selected from:

-   -   a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl         group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl         group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl         group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl         group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a         benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl         group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl         group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a         phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl         group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a         benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an         imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an         azacarbazolyl group; and     -   a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl         group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl         group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl         group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl         group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a         benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl         group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl         group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a         phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl         group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a         benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an         imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an         azacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected         from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano         group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a         hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a         phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl         group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl         group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl         group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl         group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a         benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl         group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl         group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a         phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl         group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a         benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an         imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an         azacarbazolyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),         —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),     -   wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may respectively be understood by referring         to the descriptions of Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ provided herein.

In some embodiments, the host may include an alkaline earth metal complex. For example, the host may include a beryllium (Be) complex, e.g., Compound H55, a magnesium (Mg) complex, or a zinc (Zn) complex.

The host may include at least one selected from 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di-9-carbazolylbenzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), and Compounds H1 to H55, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

In some embodiments, the host may include at least one selected from a silicon-containing compound (e.g., BPDS or the like used in Examples) and a phosphine oxide-containing compound (e.g., POPCPA or the like used in Examples).

The host may include one type or kind of compounds only or two or more different types or kinds of compounds (for example, the constituent hosts in Examples were BPDS and POPCPA). As such, embodiments of the present disclosure may be modified in various suitable ways.

Phosphorescent Dopant Included in Emission Layer of Organic Layer 150

The phosphorescent dopant may include the organometallic compound represented by Formula 1.

Further, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic complex represented by Formula 401:

-   -   wherein, in Formulae 401 and 402,     -   M may be selected from iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium         (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf),         europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), and thulium (Tm),     -   L₄₀₁ may be selected from ligands represented by Formula 402,         and xc1 may be 1, 2, or 3; when xc1 is 2 or greater, at least         two L₄₀₁(s) may be identical to or different from each other,     -   L₄₀₂ may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be an integer         selected from 0 to 4; when xc2 is 2 or greater, at least two         L₄₀₂(s) may be identical to or different from each other,     -   X₄₀₁ to X₄₀₄ may each independently be a nitrogen or a carbon,     -   X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₃ may be bound to each other via a single bond or a         double bond, X₄₀₂ and X₄₀₄ may be bound to each other via a         single bond or a double bond,     -   A₄₀₁ and A₄₀₂ may each independently be a C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic         group or a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,     -   X₄₀₅ may be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S*′, *—C(═O)—*′,         *—N(Q₄₁₁)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)(Q₄₁₂)*′, *—C(Q₄₁₁)═C(Q₄₁₂)-*,         *—C(Q₄₁₁)=*′, or *═C═*′, wherein Q₄₁₁ and Q₄₁₂ may each         independently be hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a         C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a         terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group,     -   X₄₀₆ may be a single bond, O, or S,     -   R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,         deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a         nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono         group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a substituted         or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted         C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀         arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl         group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic         condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted         monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,         —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), —N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),         —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), wherein         Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ may each independently be selected from a C₁-C₁₀         alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, and a         C₁-C₂₀ heteroaryl group,     -   xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer selected from         0 to 10, and     -   * and *′ in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site to M in         Formula 401.

In an embodiment, in Formula 402, A₄₀₁ and A₄₀₂ may each independently be selected from a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, an indene group, a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyridazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a carbazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzofuran group, a benzothiophene group, a benzoisothiophene group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a dibenzofuran group, and a dibenzothiophene group.

In one or more embodiments, in Formula 402, i) X₄₀₁ may be nitrogen, and X₄₀₂ may be carbon, or ii) X₄₀₁ and X₄₀₂ may each be nitrogen.

In an embodiment, in Formula 402, R₄₀₁ and R₄₀₂ may each independently be selected from:

-   -   hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano         group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a         hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy         group;     -   a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, each substituted         with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a         hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group,         a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantyl         group, a norbornanylgroup, and a norbornenylgroup;     -   a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantyl group, a         norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a phenyl group, a         biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl         group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl         group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl         group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a         quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group,         and a dibenzothiophenyl group;     -   a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantyl group, a         norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group a phenyl group, a         biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a fluorenyl         group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl         group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl         group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a         quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group,         and a dibenzothiophenyl group, each substituted with at least         one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,         a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino         group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy         group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, an adamantyl         group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a phenyl group,         a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a         fluorenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a         pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a         quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group,         a quinazolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, and a dibenzothiophenyl group; and     -   —Si(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂)(Q₄₀₃), —N(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂), —B(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),         —C(═O)(Q₄₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₄₀₁), and —P(═O)(Q₄₀₁)(Q₄₀₂),     -   wherein Q₄₀₁ to Q₄₀₃ may each independently be selected from a         C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a         biphenyl group, and a naphthyl group, but embodiments are not         limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, when xc1 in Formula 401 is 2 or greater, two A₄₀₁(s) of at least two L₄₀₁(s) may optionally be linked via X₄₀₇ as a linking group; or two A₄₀₂(s) may optionally be linked via X₄₀₈ as a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). X₄₀₇ and X₄₀₈ may each independently be selected from a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q₄₁₃)-*′, *—C(Q₄₁₃)(Q₄₁₄)-*′, and *—C(Q₄₁₃)═C(Q₄₁₄)-*, wherein Q₄₁₃ and Q₄₁₄ may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

L₄₀₂ in Formula 401 may be any suitable monovalent, divalent, or trivalent organic ligand. For example, L₄₀₂ may be selected from halogen, diketone (e.g., acetylacetonate), a carboxylic acid (e.g., picolinate), —C(═O), isonitrile, —CN, and phosphorus (e.g., phosphine or phosphite), but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, at least one selected from Compounds PD1 to PD25, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

Fluorescent Dopant in Emission Layer

The fluorescent dopant may include an arylamine compound or a styrylamine compound.

In some embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:

-   -   wherein, in Formula 501,     -   Ar₅₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀         carbocyclic group and a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀         heterocyclic group,     -   L₅₀₁ to L₅₀₃ may each independently be selected from a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group,         a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, a         substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed         polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,     -   xd1 to xd3 may each independently be an integer selected from 0         to 3,     -   R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ may each independently be selected from a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or         unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic         group, and a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, and     -   xd4 may be an integer selected from 1 to 6.

In an embodiment, in Formula 501, Ar₅₀₁ may be selected from:

-   -   a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, a         spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene         group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene         group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene         group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a         perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group,         and an indenophenanthrene group; and     -   a naphthalene group, a heptalene group, a fluorene group, a         spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene         group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene         group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene         group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a         perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group,         and an indenophenanthrene group, each substituted with at least         one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,         a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino         group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy         group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and         a naphthyl group.

In an embodiment, in Formula 501, L₅₀₁ and L₅₀₃ may each independently be selected from:

-   -   a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a         spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a         dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an         anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a         triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene         group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a         hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene         group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene         group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a         benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a         dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and a         pyridinylene group; and     -   a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a         spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a         dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an         anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a         triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene         group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a         hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene         group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene         group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a         benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a         dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, and a         pyridinylene group, each substituted with at least one selected         from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano         group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a         hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a         phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl         group.

In an embodiment, in Formula 501, R₅₀₁ and R₅₀₂ may each independently be selected from:

-   -   a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl         group; and     -   a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, and a pyridinyl         group, each substituted with at least one selected from         deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a         nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono         group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl         group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a         fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl         group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an         anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group,         a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a         pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a         thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a carbazolyl group, an         indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a         benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a         dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃),     -   wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may be selected from a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a         C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a         terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

In one or more embodiments, xd4 in Formula 501 may be 2, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may be selected from Compounds FD1 to FD22:

In some embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may be selected from the following compounds, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

Electron Transport Region in Organic Layer 150

The electron transport region may have i) a single-layered structure including (or consisting of) a single layer including (or consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including (or consisting of) a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure each having a plurality of layers, each having a plurality of different materials.

The electron transport region may include at least one selected from a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, wherein layers of each structure are sequentially stacked on the emission layer in each stated order, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The electron transport region (for example, the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, the electron control layer, or the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound including at least one π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring.

The term “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring,” as used herein, refers to a C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group having at least one *—N═*′ moiety as a ring-forming moiety.

For example, the “π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring” may be i) a 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic group having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, ii) a heteropolycyclic group in which at least two 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic groups, each having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, are condensed, or iii) a heteropolycyclic group in which at least one of a 5-membered to 7-membered heteromonocyclic group, each having at least one *—N═*′ moiety, is condensed with (e.g., combined with) at least one C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group.

Examples of the π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring may include imidazole, pyrazole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indazole, purine, quinoline, isoquinoline, benzoquinoline, phthalazine, naphthyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline, phenanthridine, acridine, phenanthroline, phenazine, benzimidazole, isobenzothiazole, benzoxazole, isobenzoxazole, triazole, tetrazole, oxadiazole, triazine, thiadiazole, imidazopyridine, imidazopyrimidine, and azacarbazole, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In some embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601: [Ar₆₀₁]_(xe11)-[(L₆₀₁)_(xe1)-R₆₀₁]_(xe21)  Formula 601

-   -   wherein, in Formula 601,     -   Ar₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₆₀         carbocyclic group and a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀         heterocyclic group,     -   xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,     -   L₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkenylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted         C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀         heteroarylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted divalent         non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or         unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic         group,     -   xe1 may be an integer selected from 0 to 5,     -   R₆₀₁ may be selected from a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀         aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group,         a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a         substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a         substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed         polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,         —Si(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂)(Q₆₃), —C(═O)(Q₆₀₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁), and         —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),     -   wherein Q₆₀₁ to Q₆₀₃ may each independently be a C₁-C₁₀ alkyl         group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group,         a terphenyl group, or a naphthyl group, and     -   xe21 may be an integer selected from 1 to 5.

In an embodiment, at least one selected from Ar₆₀₁(s) in the number of xe11 and R₆₀₁(s) in the number of xe21 may include the π electron-depleted nitrogen-containing ring.

In an embodiment, in Formula 601, ring Ar₆₀₁ may be selected from:

-   -   a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a         spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene         group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene         group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene         group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a         perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a         dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group,         an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an         isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a         pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a         pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline         group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a         phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a         quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an         acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a         benzimidazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a benzoxazole         group, a benzoisoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole         group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole         group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, and         an azacarbazole group; and     -   a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a fluorene group, a         spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, a dibenzofluorene         group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene         group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene         group, a chrysene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a         perylene group, a pentaphene group, an indenoanthracene group, a         dibenzofuran group, a dibenzothiophene group, a carbazole group,         an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a thiazole group, an         isothiazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, a         pyridine group, a pyrazine group, a pyrimidine group, a         pyridazine group, an indazole group, a purine group, a quinoline         group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a         phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, a quinoxaline group, a         quinazoline group, a cinnoline group, a phenanthridine group, an         acridine group, a phenanthroline group, a phenazine group, a         benzimidazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a benzoxazole         group, a benzoisoxazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole         group, an oxadiazole group, a triazine group, a thiadiazole         group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, and         an azacarbazole group, each substituted with at least one         selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a         cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group,         a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group,         a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),     -   wherein Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each independently be selected from a         C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a         biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl group.

When xe11 in Formula 601 is 2 or greater, at least two Ar₆₀₁(s) may be bound via a single bond.

In one or more embodiments, Ar₆₀₁ in Formula 601 may be an anthracene group.

In some embodiments, the compound represented by Formula 601 may be represented by Formula 601-1:

-   -   wherein, in Formula 601-1,     -   X₆₁₄ may be N or C(R₆₁₄), X₆₁₅ may be N or C(R₆₁₅), X₆₁₆ may be         N or C(R₆₁₆), at least one selected from X₆₁₄ to X₆₁₆ may be N,     -   L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ may each independently be understood by referring         to the description of L₆₀₁ provided herein,     -   xe611 to xe613 may each independently be understood by referring         to the description of xe1 provided herein,     -   R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ may each independently be understood by referring         to the description of R₆₀₁ provided herein, and     -   R₆₁₄ to R₆₁₆ may each independently be selected from hydrogen,         deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a         nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono         group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a phenyl         group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, and a naphthyl         group.

In an embodiment, in Formulae 601 and 601-1, L₆₀₁ and L₆₁₁ to L₆₁₃ may each independently be selected from:

-   -   a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a         spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a         dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an         anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a         triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene         group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a         hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene         group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene         group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a         benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a         dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, a         pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene         group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an         oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene         group, an oxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a         pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene         group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a         benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a         naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, a         quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a         phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a         phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a         benzimidazolylene group, a benzoisothiazolylene group, a         benzoxazolylene group, a benzoisoxazolylene group, a         triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an         imidazopyridinylene group, an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and         an azacarbazolylene group; and     -   a phenylene group, a naphthylene group, a fluorenylene group, a         spiro-bifluorenylene group, a benzofluorenylene group, a         dibenzofluorenylene group, a phenanthrenylene group, an         anthracenylene group, a fluoranthenylene group, a         triphenylenylene group, a pyrenylene group, a chrysenylene         group, a perylenylene group, a pentaphenylene group, a         hexacenylene group, a pentacenylene group, a thiophenylene         group, a furanylene group, a carbazolylene group, an indolylene         group, an isoindolylene group, a benzofuranylene group, a         benzothiophenylene group, a dibenzofuranylene group, a         dibenzothiophenylene group, a benzocarbazolylene group, a         dibenzocarbazolylene group, a dibenzosilolylene group, a         pyridinylene group, an imidazolylene group, a pyrazolylene         group, a thiazolylene group, an isothiazolylene group, an         oxazolylene group, an isoxazolylene group, a thiadiazolylene         group, an oxadiazolylene group, a pyrazinylene group, a         pyrimidinylene group, a pyridazinylene group, a triazinylene         group, a quinolinylene group, an isoquinolinylene group, a         benzoquinolinylene group, a phthalazinylene group, a         naphthyridinylene group, a quinoxalinylene group, a         quinazolinylene group, a cinnolinylene group, a         phenanthridinylene group, an acridinylene group, a         phenanthrolinylene group, a phenazinylene group, a         benzimidazolylene group, a benzoisothiazolylene group, a         benzoxazolylene group, a benzoisoxazolylene group, a         triazolylene group, a tetrazolylene group, an         imidazopyridinylene group, an imidazopyrimidinylene group, and         an azacarbazolylene group, each substituted with at least one         selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a         cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group,         a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group,         a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl         group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl         group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl         group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl         group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a         benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl         group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl         group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a         phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl         group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a         benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an         imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an         azacarbazolyl group,     -   but embodiments are not limited thereto.

In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 601 and 601-1, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

In one or more embodiments, in Formulae 601 and 601-1, R₆₀₁ and R₆₁₁ to R₆₁₃ may each independently be selected from:

-   -   a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl         group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl         group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl         group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl         group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a         benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl         group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl         group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a         phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl         group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a         benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an         imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an         azacarbazolyl group;     -   a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl         group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl         group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl         group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl         group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a         benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl         group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl         group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a         phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl         group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a         benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an         imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an         azacarbazolyl group, each substituted with at least one selected         from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano         group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a         hydrazono group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a         phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a terphenyl group, a naphthyl         group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a         benzofluorenyl group, a dibenzofluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl         group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a         triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a         perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a         pentacenyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, a         carbazolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a         benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl         group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a         dibenzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a pyridinyl         group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl         group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl         group, a thiadiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a pyrazinyl         group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl         group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a         benzoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthyridinyl         group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl         group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a         phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzimidazolyl         group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a         benzoisoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an         imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, and an         azacarbazolyl group; and     -   —S(═O)₂(Q₆₀₁) and —P(═O)(Q₆₀₁)(Q₆₀₂),     -   wherein Q₆₀₁ and Q₆₀₂ may respectively be understood by         referring to the descriptions of Q₆₀₁ and Q₆₀₂ provided herein.

The electron transport region may include at least one compound selected from Compounds ET1 to ET36, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

In one or more embodiments, the electron transport region may include at least one selected from 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq3, BAlq, 3-(biphenyl-4-yl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-phenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (TAZ), and NTAZ:

In some embodiments, the electron transport region may include a phosphine oxide-containing compound), but embodiments are not limited thereto. In an embodiment, the phosphine oxide-containing compound may be used in a hole blocking layer in the electron transport region, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, and in some embodiments, about 30 Å to about 300 Å. When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole blocking layer or the electron control layer are within any of these ranges, excellent hole blocking characteristics or excellent electron controlling characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å, and in some embodiments, about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thickness of the electron transport layer is within any of these ranges, excellent electron transport characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described herein above, a metal-containing material.

The metal-containing material may include at least one selected from an alkali metal complex and an alkaline earth metal complex. The alkali metal complex may include a metal ion selected from a lithium (Li) ion, a sodium (Na) ion, a potassium (K) ion, a rubidium (Rb) ion, and a cesium (Cs) ion. The alkaline earth metal complex may include a metal ion selected from a beryllium (Be) ion, a magnesium (Mg) ion, a calcium (Ca) ion, a strontium (Sr) ion, and a barium (Ba) ion. Each ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex and the alkaline earth metal complex may independently be selected from hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, and cyclopentadiene, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

For example, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, e.g., Compound ET-D1 (LiQ) or Compound ET-D2:

The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates injection of electrons from the second electrode 190. The electron injection layer may be in direct contact (e.g., physical contact) with the second electrode 190.

The electron injection layer may have i) a single-layered structure including (or consisting of) a single layer including (or consisting of) a single material, ii) a single-layered structure including (or consisting of) a single layer including a plurality of different materials, or iii) a multi-layered structure having a plurality of layers, each including a plurality of different materials.

The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or a combination thereof.

The alkali metal may be selected from Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs. In an embodiment, the alkali metal may be Li, Na, or Cs. In one or more embodiments, the alkali metal may be Li or Cs, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth metal may be selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.

The rare earth metal may be selected from Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, and Gd.

The alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth metal compound, and the rare earth metal compound may each independently be selected from oxides and halides (e.g., fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides) of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, respectively.

The alkali metal compound may be selected from alkali metal oxides, such as Li₂O, Cs₂O, or K₂O, and alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, or Kl. In an embodiment, the alkali metal compound may be selected from LiF, Li₂O, NaF, LiI, NaI, CsI, and Kl, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The alkaline earth-metal compound may be selected from alkaline earth-metal oxides, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba_(x)Sr_(1-x)O (wherein 0<x<1), and Ba_(x)Ca_(1-x)O (wherein 0<x<1). In an embodiment, the alkaline earth metal compound may be selected from BaO, SrO, and CaO, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, Sc₂O₃, Y₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, GdF₃, and TbF₃. In an embodiment, the rare earth metal compound may be selected from YbF₃, ScF₃, TbF₃, YbI₃, ScI₃, and TbI₃, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may each include ions of the above-described alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, and rare earth metal. Each ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may independently be selected from hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, and cyclopentadiene, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The electron injection layer may include (or consist of) an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal compound, an alkaline earth metal compound, a rare earth metal compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or a combination thereof, as described herein above. In some embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material. When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, the rare earth metal, the alkali metal compound, the alkaline earth metal compound, the rare earth metal compound, the alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth metal complex, the rare earth metal complex, or a combination thereof may be homogeneously or non-homogeneously dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

The thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å, and in some embodiments, about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within any of these ranges, excellent electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

Second Electrode 190

The second electrode 190 may be on the organic layer 150. In an embodiment, the second electrode 190 may include a cathode (e.g., an electron injection electrode). In this embodiment, a material for forming the second electrode 190 may include a material having a low work function, for example, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or a combination thereof.

The second electrode 190 may include at least one selected from lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ITO, and IZO, but embodiments are not limited thereto. The second electrode 190 may include a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

The second electrode 190 may have a single-layered structure, or a multi-layered structure including two or more layers.

Description of FIGS. 2 to 4

Referring to FIG. 2 , an organic light-emitting device 20 has a first capping layer 210, the first electrode 110, the organic layer 150, and the second electrode 190 structure, wherein the layers are sequentially stacked in this stated order. Referring to FIG. 3 , an organic light-emitting device 30 has the first electrode 110, the organic layer 150, the second electrode 190, and a second capping layer 220 structure, wherein the layers are sequentially stacked in this stated order. Referring to FIG. 4 , an organic light-emitting device 40 has the first capping layer 210, the first electrode 110, the organic layer 150, the second electrode 190, and the second capping layer 220 structure, wherein the layers are stacked in this stated order.

The first electrode 110, the organic layer 150, and the second electrode 190 illustrated in FIGS. 2 to 4 may be substantially the same as those illustrated in FIG. 1 .

In the organic light-emitting devices 20 and 40, light emitted from the emission layer in the organic layer 150 may pass through the first electrode 110 (which may include a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode) and through the first capping layer 210 to the outside. In the organic light-emitting devices 30 and 40, light emitted from the emission layer in the organic layer 150 may pass through the second electrode 190 (which may include a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode) and through the second capping layer 220 to the outside.

The first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may improve the external luminescence efficiency based on the principle of constructive interference.

The first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or a composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

At least one of the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently include at least one material selected from carbocyclic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, amine-based compounds, porphine derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, naphthalocyanine derivatives, alkali metal complexes, and alkaline earth metal complexes. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine-based compound may optionally be substituted with a substituent containing at least one element selected from O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, and I.

In an embodiment, at least one of the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently include an amine-based compound.

In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 201 or a compound represented by Formula 202.

In one or more embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer 210 and the second capping layer 220 may each independently include a compound selected from Compounds HT28 to HT33 and Compound CP1 to CP5, but embodiments are not limited thereto:

Hereinbefore, the organic light-emitting device has been described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 4 , but embodiments are not limited thereto.

The layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the layers constituting the electron transport region may be formed in a set or specific region by using one or more suitable methods such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser printing, and/or laser-induced thermal imaging.

When layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region are each independently formed by vacuum-deposition, the vacuum-deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature in a range of about 100° C. to about 500° C., at a vacuum degree in a range of about 10⁻⁸ torr to about 10⁻³ torr, and at a deposition rate in a range of about 0.01 Angstroms per second (Å/sec) to about 100 Å/sec, depending on the material to be included in each layer and the structure of each layer to be formed.

When layers constituting the hole transport region, the emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region are each independently formed by spin coating, the spin coating may be performed at a coating rate of about 2,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) to about 5,000 rpm and at a heat treatment temperature of about 80° C. to 200° C., depending on the material to be included in each layer and the structure of each layer to be formed.

General Definitions of at Least Some of the Substituents

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group,” as used herein, refers to a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group having 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples thereof include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an iso-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, an iso-amyl group, and a hexyl group. The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group,” as used herein, refers to a hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond at a main chain (e.g., in the middle) or at a terminal end (e.g., the terminus) of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group. Examples thereof include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkenylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group.

The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group,” as used herein, refers to a hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond at a main chain (e.g., in the middle) or at a terminal end (e.g., the terminus) of the C₂-C₆₀ alkyl group. Examples thereof include an ethynyl group and a propynyl group. The term “C₂-C₆₀ alkynylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent group represented by —OA₁₀₁ (wherein A₁₀₁ is a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group). Examples thereof include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon monocyclic group including 3 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples thereof include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heterocycloalkyl group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent monocyclic group including at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Examples thereof include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₆₀ heterocycloalkylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group.

The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent monocyclic group that has 3 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one double bond in its ring, and is not aromatic. Examples thereof include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heterocycloalkenyl group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent monocyclic group including at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom, 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one double bond in its ring. Examples of the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C₁-C₆₀ heterocycloalkenylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group.

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C₆-C₆₀ arylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system having 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group include a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, an anthracenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, a pyrenyl group, and a chrysenyl group. When the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group and the C₆-C₆₀ arylene group each independently include two or more rings, the respective rings may be fused (e.g., combined together).

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system having at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. The term “C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system having at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S as a ring-forming atom and 1 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, and an isoquinolinyl group. When the C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group and the C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group each independently include two or more rings, the respective rings may be fused (e.g., combined together).

The term “C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group,” as used herein, is represented by —OA₁₀₂ (wherein A₁₀₂ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group). The term “C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group,” as used herein, is represented by —SA₁₀₃ (wherein A₁₀₃ is the C₆-C₆₀ aryl group).

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent group that has two or more rings condensed (e.g., combined together) and only carbon atoms as ring forming atoms (e.g., 8 to 60 carbon atoms), wherein the entire molecular structure is non-aromatic. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group may include a fluorenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group.

The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent group that has two or more condensed rings and at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S, in addition to carbon atoms (e.g., 1 to 60 carbon atoms), as a ring-forming atom, wherein the entire molecular structure is non-aromatic. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may include a carbazolyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,” as used herein, refers to a divalent group having substantially the same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

The term “C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group,” as used herein, refers to a monocyclic or polycyclic group having 5 to 60 carbon atoms only as ring-forming atoms. The C₆-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be an aromatic carbocyclic group or a non-aromatic carbocyclic group. The term “C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group,” as used herein, refers to a ring (e.g., a benzene group), a monovalent group (e.g., a phenyl group), or a divalent group (e.g., a phenylene group). Also, depending on the number of substituents connected to the C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group may be a trivalent group or a quadrivalent group.

The term “C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group,” as used herein, refers to a group having substantially the same structure as the C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, except that at least one heteroatom selected from N, O, Si, P, and S is used as a ring-forming atom, in addition to carbon atoms (e.g., 2 to 60 carbon atoms).

In the present specification, at least one of substituents of the substituted C₅-C₆₀ carbocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heterocyclic group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkylene group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenylene group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylene group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylene group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, the substituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may be selected from:

-   -   deuterium (-D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano         group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a         hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a         C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group;     -   a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl         group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least         one selected from deuterium, —F, —C₁, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,         a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino         group, a hydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy         group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a         monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent         non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group,         —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁),         —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂);     -   a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a         C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a         C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio         group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic         condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic         condensed heteropolycyclic group;     -   a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a         C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a         C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio         group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic         condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic         condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least         one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group,         a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino         group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl         group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀         cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀         aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a         C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed         polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed         heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂),         —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂);         and     -   —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁),         —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂),     -   wherein Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ may each         independently be selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl,         —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an         amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀         alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a         C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀         heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀         heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic         group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic         group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group substituted with at least one         selected from deuterium, —F, and a cyano group; a C₆-C₆₀ aryl         group substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F,         and a cyano group; a biphenyl group; and a terphenyl group.

The term “Ph,” as used herein represents a phenyl group, the term “Me,” as used herein, represents a methyl group, the term “Et,” as used herein represents an ethyl group, the term “ter-Bu” or “Bu^(t),” as used herein, represents a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe,” as used herein, represents a methoxy group.

The term “biphenyl group,” as used herein, refers to a phenyl group substituted with at least one phenyl group. The “biphenyl group” may be “a substituted phenyl group” having a “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group” as a substituent.

The term “terphenyl group,” as used herein, refers to a phenyl group substituted with at least one biphenyl group. The “terphenyl group” may be “a substituted phenyl group” having a “C₆-C₆₀ aryl group substituted with a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group” as a substituent.

The symbols * and *′, as used herein, unless defined otherwise, refer to a binding site to an adjacent atom in a corresponding formula.

Hereinafter, compounds and an organic light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments will be described in more detail with reference to Synthesis Examples and Examples. The wording “B was used instead of A” used in describing Synthesis Examples means that an amount of B used was identical to an amount of A used in terms of molar equivalents.

SYNTHESIS EXAMPLES Synthesis Example 1: Synthesis of Compound 1

1) Synthesis of Intermediate Compound [1-A]

3-Methoxy bromobenzene (1.0 eq), 1H-imidazole (1.2 eq), CuI (0.02 eq), K₂CO₃ (2.0 eq), and L-proline (0.04 eq) were dissolved in 0.1 M dimethyl sulfonate, and the resultant mixture was stirred at a temperature of 130° C. for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and then an extraction process was performed thereon three times using dichloromethane and water to thereby obtain an organic layer. The obtained organic layer was dried using magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated. By using column chromatography, Intermediate Compound [1-A] was obtained (yield: 72%).

2) Synthesis of Intermediate Compound [1-B]

Intermediate Compound [1-A] (1.0 eq) was dissolved in dichloromethane (0.1 M), and then, the mixture was stirred at −78° C. Boron tribromide solution (1.0 M in hexane, 2.0 eq) was then added to the resultant mixture, followed by stirring for 2 hours. A sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution was used to neutralize the reaction mixture, followed by obtaining an organic layer after three times extraction using ethyl acetate and water. The obtained organic layer was dried using magnesium sulfate and then concentrated to thereby obtain Intermediate Compound [1-B] (yield: 64%).

3) Synthesis of Intermediate Compound [1-C]

6-Bromo-1H-indazole (1.0 eq), 2-bromo-4-tert-butyl pyridine (1.2 eq), Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.05 eq), SPhos (0.10 eq), and K₂CO₃ (1.0 eq) were dissolved in toluene (0.1 M), followed by stirring at 120° C. for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and then an extraction process was performed thereon three times using dichloromethane and water to thereby obtain an organic layer. The obtained organic layer was dried using magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated. By using column chromatography, Intermediate Compound [1-C] was obtained (yield: 88%).

4) Synthesis of Intermediate Compound [1-D]

Intermediate Compound [1-B] (1.2 eq), Intermediate Compound [1-C] (1.0 eq), CuI (0.02 eq), K₂CO₃ (2.0 eq), and L-proline (0.04 eq) were dissolved in 0.1 M dimethylsulfonate, and the mixture was stirred at a temperature of 160° C. for 48 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and then an extraction process was performed thereon three times using dichloromethane and water to thereby obtain an organic layer. The obtained organic layer was dried using magnesium sulfate, and then concentrated. By using column chromatography, Intermediate Compound [1-D] was obtained (yield: 41%).

5) Synthesis of Intermediate Compound [1-E]

Intermediate Compound [1-D] (1.5 eq), di-p-tolyliodonium trifluoromethane sulfonate (1.5 eq), and CuOAc (0.1 eq) were dissolved in toluene (0.1 M), followed by stirring at a temperature of 110° C. for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and then, a solvent was removed therefrom, followed by filtering and washing with diethyl ether to thereby obtain Intermediate Compound [1-E] (yield: 85%).

6) Synthesis of Compound 1

Intermediate Compound [1-E] (1.0 eq), dichloro(1,5-cyclooctadienyl) platinum (II) (1.05 eq), and sodium acetate (3.0 eq) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (0.1 M), followed by stirring at a temperature of 120° C. for 72 hours. The reaction product was cooled to room temperature, followed by concentration under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The concentrated product was dissolved in dichloromethane, and the remaining precipitate was filtered. The filtrate was purified through column chromatography to obtain Compound 1 (yield: 34%).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.36 (1H, d), 8.17 (1H, s), 7.88 (1H, d), 7.50-6.32 (10H, m), 5.74 (1H, d), 5.51 (1H, d), 2.32 (3H, s), 1.37 (9H, s)

MS cald. For C₃₂H₂₈N₅OPt (MS+1), m/z 692.2; observed 692.2

Synthesis Example 2: Synthesis of Compound 2

1) Synthesis of Intermediate Compound [2-A]

5-Bromo-2-methylpyridine-3-amine (1.0 eq) and KOAc (1.2 eq) were dissolved in chloroform (0.2 M), followed by adding with acetic anhydride (3.0 eq) at room temperature. After stirring for 30 minutes at about 60 to 65° C., isoamylnitrite (1.0 eq) was slowly added thereto for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred and refluxed for 12 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to obtain a dark brown liquid.

The dark brown liquid was dissolved in methanol (0.8 M) and HCl (conc., 1M) and stirred at a temperature of 60° C. for 2 hours. A solvent was removed from the reaction mixture under reduced pressure, and the reaction mixture was subjected to purification using column chromatography to thereby obtain Intermediate Compound [2-A] (yield: 45%).

2) Synthesis of Intermediate Compound [2-B]

Intermediate Compound [2-B] was synthesized in substantially the same manner as in Synthesis of Intermediate Compound [1-C], except that Intermediate Compound [2-A] was used instead of 6-Bromo-1H-indazole. (yield: 78%)

3) Synthesis of Intermediate Compound [2-C]

Intermediate Compound [2-C] was obtained in substantially the same manner as in Synthesis of Intermediate Compound [1-D], except that Intermediate Compound [2-B] was used instead of Intermediate Compound [1-C]. (yield: 40%)

4) Synthesis of Intermediate Compound [2-D]

Intermediate Compound [2-C] (1.0 eq) and iodomethane (1.5 eq) were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (0.1 M), followed by stirring at a temperature of 70° C. for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and then, a solvent was removed therefrom, followed by filtering and washing with diethyl ether to thereby obtain Intermediate Compound [2-D] (yield: 86%).

5) Synthesis of Compound 2

Compound 2 was synthesized in substantially the same manner as in Synthesis of Compound 1, except that Intermediate Compound [2-D] was used instead of Intermediate Compound [1-E]. (yield: 29%)

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ8.37 (1H, s), 8.29 (1H, s), 8.15 (1H, s), 7.50-6.23 (5H, m), 5.21 (1H, d), 5.06 (1H, d), 3.04 (3H, s), 1.33 (9H, s) MS cald. For C₂₅H₂₂N₆OPt (MS+1), m/z 617.1; observed 617.1

EXAMPLES Example 1

As for a substrate and an anode, a Corning 15 Ω/cm² (1,200 Å) ITO glass substrate was cut to a size of 50 mm×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated by using isopropyl alcohol and pure water each for 5 minutes, and then cleaned by exposure to ultraviolet rays with ozone for 30 minutes. Then, the glass substrate was provided to a vacuum deposition device.

2-TNATA was vacuum-deposited on the ITO anode formed on the glass substrate to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of about 600 Å, NPB was then deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of about 300 Å.

Co-hosts, i.e., bis(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)diphenylsilane (BCPDS) and (4-(1-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)cyclohexyl)phenyl)diphenyl-phosphine oxide (POPCPA), (a weight ratio of 1:1) and a dopant, Compound 1, were co-deposited on the hole transport layer to a weight ratio of 90:10 to form an emission layer having a thickness of 300 Å.

Diphenyl(4-(triphenylsilyl)phenyl)-phosphine oxide (TSPO1) was deposited on the emission layer to form a hole blocking layer having a thickness of 50 Å, Alq3 was deposited on the hole blocking layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å, LiF was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 10 Å, and Al was vacuum-deposited on the electron injection layer to form a cathode having a thickness of 3,000 Å, thereby completing the manufacture of an organic light-emitting device.

Example 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4

Organic light-emitting devices were manufactured in substantially the same manner as in Example 1, except that the compounds shown in Table 1 were used instead of Compound 1 as a dopant in the formation of an emission layer.

Evaluation Example 1

The hole mobility (μ_(h)), electron mobility (μ_(e)), simulation maximum emission wavelength (λ_(max) ^(sim)), actual maximum emission wavelength (λ_(max) ^(exp)), and ³MC energy of the compounds used in Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were calculated using quantum simulation. The results thereof are shown in Table 1.

For example, energy level values of ³MC state of Compounds 1 and 2 and Compounds A to D as Comparative Compounds were evaluated utilizing density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP hybrid functional. In the case of Pt, LANL2DZ basis set was used, and atoms of C, H, N, and S were evaluated by using a DFT method of Gaussian program structurally optimized at a level of 6-311G(d,p) basis set.

TABLE 1 ³MC μ_(h) (cm²/ μ_(e) (cm²/ λ_(max) ^(sim) λ_(max) ^(exp) (kcal/ Compound Vs) Vs) (nm) (nm) mol) Example 1 1 5 × 10⁻⁴ 5 × 10⁻⁴ 464.8 451.8 18.5 Example 2 2 6 × 10⁻⁴ 5 × 10⁻³ 462.2 448.9 17.9 Comparative A 1 × 10⁻⁴ 1 × 10⁻⁴ 465.39 452 7.87 Example 1 Comparative B — — 618.12 — — Example 2 Comparative C — — 593.77 — — Example 3 Comparative D — — 528.66 — — Example 4

As shown in Table 1, ³MC values of Compounds 1 and 2 were found to be significantly higher as compared with that of Compound A. A probability of an exciton transitioning from a ³MLCT state to a ³MC state (a non-luminescent state) of Compounds 1 and 2 was decreased relative to, for example, Compound A, and thus, stability of the organometallic compound according to embodiments of the present disclosure in an excited state may be excellent. Accordingly, the organic light-emitting device including the organometallic compound may have improved efficiency and lifespan.

Additionally, Compounds B to D emitted red light rather than blue light, and thus, are not suitable.

Evaluation Example 2

The driving voltage, current density, luminance, luminescence efficiency, emission color, and maximum emission wavelength of the organic light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1 were measured by using a Keithley SMU 236 and a PR650 luminance meter. The results thereof are shown in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Dopant Maximum in the Driving Current Luminescence Emission emission voltage density Luminance Efficiency Emission wavelength layer (V) (mA/cm²) (cd/m²) (cd/A) color (nm) Example 1 1 4.3 5.3 1000 19.0 Blue 453 Example 2 2 4.5 5.2 1000 19.4 Blue 451 Comparative A 4.8 4.9 1000 16.0 Blue 454 Example 1

As apparent from Table 2, the organic light-emitting device of Examples 1 and 2 were found to have low driving voltages, excellent luminance, and luminescence efficiency, as compared with the organic light-emitting device of Comparative Example 1.

As is apparent from the foregoing description, an organic light-emitting device including embodiments of the organometallic compound may have a low driving voltage, excellent luminance, excellent efficiency, and long lifespan.

It should be understood that embodiments described herein should be considered in a descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Descriptions of features or aspects within each embodiment should be considered as available for other similar features or aspects in other embodiments.

It will be understood that, although the terms “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., may be used herein to describe various elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element, component, region, layer or section from another element, component, region, layer or section. Thus, a first element, component, region, layer or section described below could be termed a second element, component, region, layer or section, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “under,” “above,” “upper,” and the like, may be used herein for ease of explanation to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or in operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” or “beneath” or “under” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. Thus, the example terms “below” and “under” can encompass both an orientation of above and below. The device may be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein should be interpreted accordingly.

It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “on,” “connected to,” or “coupled to” another element or layer, it can be directly on, connected to, or coupled to the other element or layer, or one or more intervening elements or layers may be present. In addition, it will also be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “between” two elements or layers, it can be the only element or layer between the two elements or layers, or one or more intervening elements or layers may also be present.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms “a” and “an” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” and “including,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of the stated features, integers, acts, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, acts, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

As used herein, the terms “substantially,” “about,” and similar terms are used as terms of approximation and not as terms of degree, and are intended to account for the inherent deviations in measured or calculated values that would be recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, the use of “may” when describing embodiments of the present disclosure refers to “one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.” As used herein, the terms “use,” “using,” and “used” may be considered synonymous with the terms “utilize,” “utilizing,” and “utilized,” respectively. Also, the term “exemplary” is intended to refer to an example or illustration.

Also, any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all subranges of the same numerical precision subsumed within the recited range. For example, a range of “1.0 to 10.0” is intended to include all subranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1.0 and the recited maximum value of 10.0, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1.0 and a maximum value equal to or less than 10.0, such as, for example, 2.4 to 7.6. Any maximum numerical limitation recited herein is intended to include all lower numerical limitations subsumed therein, and any minimum numerical limitation recited in this specification is intended to include all higher numerical limitations subsumed therein. Accordingly, Applicant reserves the right to amend this specification, including the claims, to expressly recite any sub-range subsumed within the ranges expressly recited herein.

While one or more embodiments have been described with reference to the figures, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims, and equivalents thereof. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An organic light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode; a second electrode; an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and comprising an emission layer; and at least one organometallic compound represented by Formula 1:

wherein, in Formula 1, M is selected from platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), and osmium (Os), Y₁ to Y₄ are each independently N, or C, T₁ to T₄ are each a chemical bond, Y₁ directly binds to M, Y₂ directly binds to M, Y₃ directly binds to M, and Y₄ directly binds to M, two bonds selected from a bond between M and Y₁, a bond between M and Y₂, a bond between M and Y₃, and a bond between M and Y₄ are each a coordinate bond, and the other two bonds are each an ionic bond, A₁ is selected from a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, and a triazine group, A₂ is selected from an imidazole group and a benzimidazole group, or A₃ is selected from a benzene group, X₁ and X₃ are each independently C(R₄), and X₂ is N or C(R₄), a1 is 0, L₁ is not present, and A₁ is not bound to A₂, a2 to a3 are each 1, L₂ is a single bond, L₃ is *—O-′, R′, R″, and R₁ to R₆ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ hetero aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ hetero arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), and —P(═S)(Q₁)(Q₂), b1 to b3 are each independently an integer selected from 0 to 20, two groups selected from i) R₁ (s) in the number of b1, ii) R₂(s) in the number of b2, and iii) R₃(s) in the number of b3, R₄, R₅, and R₆ are optionally bound to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₃₀ carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀ heterocyclic group, wherein Q₁ to Q₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group, * and *′ each indicate a binding site to an adjacent atom, and at least one substituent of the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, the substituted C₅-C₃₀ carbocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₃₀ heterocyclic group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is selected from: deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂); a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), wherein Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, and a cyano group; a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, and a cyano group; a biphenyl group; and a terphenyl group.
 2. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein, an energy level (E_(3MC)) of a triplet metal centered state (³MC state) of the organometallic compound is higher than an energy level (E_(3MLCT)) of a triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer state (³MLCT state) of the organometallic compound.
 3. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein, the organometallic compound satisfies E₃≥12 kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol), and E₃ is defined by the following Equation 1: E ₃ =∥E _(3MLCT) |−|E _(3MC)∥.  Equation 1
 4. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein, the emission layer is configured to emit blue light having a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 440 nanometers (nm) to about 490 nm.
 5. The organic light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein, the first electrode comprises an anode, the second electrode comprises a cathode, the organic layer comprises the organometallic compound, the organic layer comprises a hole transport region between the first electrode and the emission layer and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, the hole transport region comprises at least one selected from a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a buffer layer, an emission auxiliary layer, and an electron blocking layer, and the electron transport region comprises at least one selected from a hole blocking layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer.
 6. The organic light-emitting device of claim 5, wherein, the emission layer comprises the organometallic compound.
 7. The organic light-emitting device of claim 5, wherein, the hole transport region comprises a p-dopant having a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of about −3.5 eV or less.
 8. An organometallic compound represented by Formula 1:

wherein, in Formula 1, M is selected from platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), and osmium (Os), Y₁ to Y₄ are each independently N, or C, T₁ to T₄ are each a chemical bond, Y₁ directly binds to M, Y₂ directly binds to M, Y₃ directly binds to M, and Y₄ directly binds to M, two bonds selected from a bond between M and Y₁, a bond between M and Y₂, a bond between M and Y₃, and a bond between M and Y₄ are each a coordinate bond, and the other two bonds are each an ionic bond, A₁ is selected from a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, and a triazine group, A₂ is selected from an imidazole group and a benzimidazole group, or A₃ is selected from a benzene group, X₁ to X₃ are each independently N, or C(R₄), a1 is 0, L₁ is not present, and A₁ is not bound to A₂, a2 to a3 are each 1, L₂ is a single bond, L₃ is *—O—*′, R′, R″, and R₁ to R₆ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ hetero aryloxy group, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆₀ hetero arylthio group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —P(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), and —P(═S)(Q₁)(Q₂), b1 to b3 are each independently an integer selected from 0 to 20, two groups selected from i) R₁(s) in the number of b1, ii) R₂(s) in the number of b2, and iii) R₃(s) in the number of b3, R₄, R₅, and R₆ are optionally bound to form a substituted or unsubstituted C₅-C₃₀ carbocyclic group or a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₃₀ heterocyclic group, wherein Q₁ to Q₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, a biphenyl group, and a terphenyl group, * and *′ each indicate a binding site to an adjacent atom, and at least one substituent of the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, the substituted C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, the substituted C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, the substituted C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryloxy group, the substituted C₁-C₆₀ heteroarylthio group, the substituted C₅-C₃₀ carbocyclic group, the substituted C₁-C₃₀ heterocyclic group, the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and the substituted monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group is selected from: deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂)(Q₁₃), —N(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —B(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂), —C(═O)(Q₁₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁₁)(Q₁₂); a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryloxy group, a C₆-C₆₀ arylthio group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group, —Si(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂)(Q₂₃), —N(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —B(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂), —C(═O)(Q₂₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₂₁), and —P(═O)(Q₂₁)(Q₂₂); and —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), wherein Q₁ to Q₃, Q₁₁ to Q₁₃, Q₂₁ to Q₂₃, and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₆₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₆₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, and a cyano group; a C₆-C₆₀ aryl group substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, and a cyano group; a biphenyl group; and a terphenyl group.
 9. The organometallic compound of claim 8, wherein, in Formula 1, at least one of a bond between Y₁ and M and a bond between Y₂ and M is a coordinate bond, Y₁ is N, and Y₂ is C.
 10. The organometallic compound of claim 8, wherein, in Formula 1, Y₃ and Y₄ are each C, and a bond between Y₄ and M is an ionic bond.
 11. The organometallic compound of claim 8, wherein, in Formula 1, A₁ is represented by a group represented by any one of Formulae 2A-1 to 2A-4:

wherein, in Formulae 2A-1 to 2A-4, Y₂₁ is N or C(R₂₁), Y₂₂ is N or C(R₂₂), Y₂₃ is N or C(R₂₃), Y₂₄ is N or C(R₂₄), R₂₁ to R₂₄ are each independently understood by referring to the descriptions of R′, R″, and R₁ to R₆ in claim 8, and * indicates a binding site to T₁, and *′ indicates a binding site to N in Formula
 1. 12. The organometallic compound of claim 8, wherein, in Formula 1, A₂ is a group represented by any one of Formulae 2B-1 and 2B-2:

wherein, in Formulae 2B-1 to 2B-2, Y₂₅ is C(R₂₅), Y₂₆ is C(R₂₆), Y₂₇ is C(R₂₇), Y₂₈ is C(R₂₈), Y₂₉ is C(R₂₉), Y₃₀ is C(R₃₀), R₂₅ to R₃₀ are each independently understood by referring to the descriptions for R′, R″, and R₁ to R₆ in claim 8, and * indicates a binding site to T₂, and *′ indicates a binding site to L₂.
 13. The organometallic compound of claim 8, wherein, X₁ and X₃ are each C(R₄), and X₂ is N or C(R₄).
 14. The organometallic compound of claim 8, wherein, R′, R″, and R₁ to R₆ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group and a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, and C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group; a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrrolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indazolyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, and a triazinyl group; and a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrrolyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indazolyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, and a triazinyl group, each substituted with at least one selected from deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazino group, a hydrazono group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an indolyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indazolyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a triazinyl group, —Si(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂)(Q₃₃), —N(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —B(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂), —C(═O)(Q₃₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₃₁), and —P(═O)(Q₃₁)(Q₃₂); and —Si(Q₁)(Q₂)(Q₃), —N(Q₁)(Q₂), —B(Q₁)(Q₂), —C(═O)(Q₁), —S(═O)₂(Q₁), and —P(═O)(Q₁)(Q₂), wherein Q₁ to Q₃ and Q₃₁ to Q₃₃ are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a cyano group, a C₁-C₆₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a C₁-C₂₀ alkoxy group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkenyl group, a C₁-C₁₀ heterocycloalkenyl group, a C₆-C₂₀ aryl group, a C₁-C₂₀ heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.
 15. The organometallic compound of claim 8, wherein, Formula 1 is represented by Formula 1-1:

wherein, in Formula 1-1, M, A₁ to A₃, Y₁ to Y₃, L₂ to L₃, X₁ to X₃, R₁ to R₃, and b1 to b3 are respectively understood by referring to the descriptions of M, A₁ to A₃, Y₁ to Y₃, L₂ to L₃, X₁ to X₃, R₁ to R₃, and b1 to b3 in claim
 8. 16. An organometallic compound selected from Compounds 1 to 53: 